The hard-shell taco is an important part of Mexican American history
Despite Taco Bell's international fame, Mitla Cafe has a place in the history of Mexican American cuisine as the first eatery to serve hard-shell tacos in the United States.
The Greek island with an ancient 'sushi' tradition
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Cured moray eel stuffed with rice on Skopelos island, Greece
On verdant Skopelos, locals have been curing and rolling fish for generations in a "sushi-style" preparation that dates back to medieval times.

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"What are you doing? Why are you throwing it away?" cried Nikos Stamatakis to a young fisherman who'd just disentangled a huge moray eel from a net full of red snapper on the shore of Skopelos, a Greek island in the Western Aegean Sea.

"What do you want this ugly beast for?" asked the fisherman of the beady-eyed eel.

"I've been searching for it for long now. This is the finest sushi you are about to scrap," Stamatakis replied.

This is a typical dialogue that Stamatakis, a seasoned chef, shares with Skopelos fishermen, who grumble each time this "low market-value fish" gets caught in their nets or uses its razor-sharp teeth to cut their long lines.

But Stamatakis, a culinary connoisseur who comes from a long generation of Skopelos taverna owners, knows the splendid cooking potential of this misunderstood fish. The moray eel's consumption goes back to the glorious days of Ancient Greece, he says. In fact, the cured version of this two-jawed eel, on which Hollywood is rumoured to have modelled some of its alien scares, might even be Europe's first "sushi".

Once a popular food on Skopelos, moray eel has fallen out of fashion over the last few decades (Credit: Ultramarinphoto/Getty Images)

Once a popular food on Skopelos, moray eel has fallen out of fashion over the last few decades (Credit: Ultramarinphoto/Getty Images)

"You fillet the fish, roll it up and stuff it with plums and greens. You can then salt or smoke it in a wood burning stove or in the oven," said Stamatakis. He explained that locals have long been curing and rolling the fish in this "sushi style", with some Skopelites stuffing the fish with rice – though plums and vegetables were preferred on special occasions like engagements. "Mother-in-laws-to-be would knock on the grooms'-to-be door with this version of the dish in hand before the wedding," he said.

While most people associate sushi with raw fish, the earliest form of sushi, called narezushi, consisted of fish preserved with salt and raw rice. Narezushi is is thousands of years old and traces its roots to the rice fields of China. Just as the people inhabiting these regions found a way to preserve and ferment local fish with salt to survive periods of heavy monsoons and intense heat, so did Skopelites salt-cure the moray eel to enrich their local cuisine.

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Curing and rolling the fish in a "sushi-style" preparation, as Stamatakis describes it, is unique to the island and cannot be found anywhere else in the Mediterranean. Stamatakis learned the dish from his grandfather, a sailor, farmer and cook, who, in turn, learned it from the monks of Mount Athos. Just like the ascetics, Stamatakis's grandfather salt-cured the fish before rolling and stuffing it.

Mount Athos (or Holy Mountain) is a collective name for a mountain and peninsula in north-eastern Greece, about 110km northeast of Skopelos. It is the spiritual centre of Orthodox Christianity and a self-governed territory since Byzantine times, made up of 20 monasteries, 12 smaller monastic settlements, about 700 houses, cells or hermitages, and approximately 2,000 monks. Up until the first half of the 20th Century, Mount Athos owned a lot of Skopelos land, Stamatakis said, and many locals in pursuit of farmland started to trade with the ascetics. One of them was Stamatakis's grandfather. He bought land in Glossa, an amphitheatrically built village on top of a steep hill, 25km northwest of Skopelos' capital, also called Skopelos or Hora.

"He, and basically everyone that came into contact with the monks, got impressed by their Byzantine culinary traditions, especially the way they cured moray eel [by salting or smoking it]. This is an old recipe. There is even mentioning of Ancient Greeks keeping moray eels in aquariums in Deipnosophistae (an early 3rd-Century AD, multi-volume Greek tome considered to be the oldest surviving cookbook)," said Stamatakis. "Skopelites loved the dish and brought it back to their wives on the island."

A far cry from the dry and barren Cyclades, Skopelos is Greece's greenest island. Pure, unspoiled flora makes up 67% of the isle, old mule trails crisscross it, and olive orchards give way to charming villages that emerge out of endless pine forests. Reminders of the Byzantine Empire and the connection with Mount Athos can be seen everywhere as the island is dotted with 360 chapels and churches. Skopelos is also a seafood haven, with its inhabitants taking pride in cooking lobster baked with orzo pasta or stuffed sea urchins and barnacles with rice.

The verdant island is dotted with Byzantine chapels and churches (Credit: Demetrios Tilis/Getty Images)

The verdant island is dotted with Byzantine chapels and churches (Credit: Demetrios Tilis/Getty Images)

"Skopelos is the most beautiful island in the world," said Giannis Stamatakis, Nikos' uncle, who holds two impressive records. At 101, he is not only the oldest man on Skopelos, but also its oldest plum producer (with eight different varieties of plum trees, the island is a plum paradise).

Slim and well-groomed, with an admirable zest for life, "barba-Giannis" (barbas means uncle in Greek) can't understand why the Skopelites of today despise his favourite food – smoked moray eel.

It seems young people don't like its face. Or maybe it's too much of a fuss for them to prepare

"When I was a kid, I would go fishing and jump for joy if I caught a moray eel," he told me. "I would bring it back home to my mother to cook it and we would have a feast. It tasted like butter, juicy and delicious. But, today, neither me nor my nephew can find it anymore. It seems young people don't like its face. Or maybe it's too much of a fuss for them to prepare it as the damn thing slips through your hands," he added, in almost one breath.

Machoula Stamataki, Nikos Stamatakis mother, agrees. "We used to love eating cured moray eel back then," she said. "Alas, they don't eat it anymore. Maybe it is because it is too difficult to clean and cook? Younger generations don't know what they are missing."

The Stamatakis family lament the modern lack of appreciation for this fine fish, putting it down to changing tastes since tourism came to the island around the late 1960s. "Perhaps Skopelites became spoilt for choice, but we knew better... and my grandfather told me our ancient ancestors loved it too," barba-Giannis said.

Moray eel has a long and distinguished legacy on the island. Ancient Greeks loved moray eel, according to Andrew Dalby, historian and author of Siren Feasts: A History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece. "In his Gastronomia poem, Archestratus, an Ancient Greek poet, wrote that if his readers ever caught a floating moray eel between Sicily and Italy, they should cherish it because it was an amazing food," Dalby said.

Cured moray eel is traditionally stuffed with rice or plums and greens (Credit: Nikos Stamatakis)

Cured moray eel is traditionally stuffed with rice or plums and greens (Credit: Nikos Stamatakis)

Dalby explained that Ancient Greeks appreciated fish cooked as simply as possible, "so they would grill or roast the moray eel over a fire and add very little olive oil or herbs as dressing, because they wanted to get the full flavour of it," he said. It is a fondness of culinary simplicity you can still see in modern Greek tavernas, he continued, adding that locals in ancient times weren't then used to eating salt-cured fish. According to Dalby, this cooking technique was brought by Arabs to the Mediterranean region in medieval times, eventually making its way to Skopelos.

"I've been retracing this kind of cooking that is used in Spain's escabeche (a fried fish dish that's marinated and served cold)," Dalby said. He notes that escabeche was first practiced in early medieval times and was derived from al-sikbaj, a popular meat dish that was cured by marinating the meat in vinegar and sour fruit juice in place of some of the cooking process, and which was cherished by the Persian court. "When sikbaj crossed over to the Mediterranean through the Arabs, it gradually turned into a form of fish cookery as its preparation worked well for fish," Dalby said. Mediterranean people, it seems, took the light cooking process one step further, experimenting with salting or smoking the fish instead of just curing it in an acidic marinade.

He explained that through the Arab influence along the shores of the Mediterranean, this curing technique was either passed to Spain and spread across the Mediterranean; or it was passed from the Arabs to Byzantine Greeks to Mount Athos ascetics and finally to Skopelites. He notes that the second route of transmission gives a stronger explanation for how Skopelos ended having its own "sushi". "In any case, the final stage of that evolution of escabeche appears to be the moray eel dish on Skopelos," Dalby said.

But whatever the truth about how this cooking technique arrived on the island, it is no stretch to surmise that the Greeks may have invented Europe's own version of "sushi. "It was the Greeks – first of any known people – who developed gastronomy around fresh fish and considered the moray eel to be a high-quality gastronomic choice," said Dalby. "It is almost certain that the Greeks thought first of using this 'sushi'-cooking style with the moray eel."

The "sushi-style" preparation cannot be found anywhere else in the Mediterranean (Credit: Evgeni Dinev Photography/Getty Images)

The "sushi-style" preparation cannot be found anywhere else in the Mediterranean (Credit: Evgeni Dinev Photography/Getty Images)

Barba-Giannis and others that frequented Glossa's taverns before the tourist explosion of the 1960s didn't know that they were eating a dish with such a glorious and complex history, of course. Nor did they care. They would have embraced the unsightly fish whether it came with a celebrated tradition or not. It was just too delectable. "We loved the moray eel back then. We fished and cooked it with uttermost care," the centenarian said.

It is almost certain that the Greeks thought first of using this 'sushi'-cooking style with the moray eel

Old Skopelites would carefully remove the slime off the back of the moray eel, wash it in abundant fresh water, fillet and salt it, and then salt or smoke it. And they would take their time with it. "Today, people eat fast and clumsy," barba-Giannis said.

On the contrary, for his generation, the diligent preparation of the moray eel was a labour of love and a kind of ritual bonding bringing the community together. But, even if modern Skopelites seem to have developed an antipathy towards these unfortunate-looking creatures, old moray eel "sushi" cooking techniques are still going strong on the island, according to his nephew.

"We are applying the same techniques on smaller fishes like sardines," said Stamatakis. He only occassionally makes moray eel sushi, usually stuffing it with rice. "The moray eel tastes much better, but the 'sushi' technique is still here."

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How Taco Bell 'stole' the taco
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The hard-shell taco is an important part of Mexican American history
Despite Taco Bell's international fame, Mitla Cafe has a place in the history of Mexican American cuisine as the first eatery to serve hard-shell tacos in the United States.

Article continues below

While there are 7,400 Taco Bell locations, there is only one Mitla Cafe

In the world of food snobbery – in this case, Mexican food snobbery – hard-shell tacos are considered something of a taco crime. Crispy, ground beef-filled tacos topped with cheese, tomatoes and lettuce are seen as so passé that a single mention of eating one could cause a collective eyeroll from the hipster fooderati everywhere from Brooklyn to Portland, Echo Park to Austin. But not in San Bernardino, California.

That's where, in 1937, Salvador and Lucia Rodriguez, immigrants from Jalisco, Mexico, started making hard-shell tacos and selling them to the local Mexican American community at their newly opened Mitla Cafe, located on the erstwhile Route 66 in San Bernardino, California. Lucia, who was in charge of the kitchen, had decided to make hard-shell tacos as this was something her family in Mexico would eat mostly at Lent, stuffed with mashed potatoes. For this new venture, though, she used whatever ingredients were available: in this case, ground beef, cheddar cheese, tomatoes and iceberg lettuce.

In 1937, Salvador and Lucia Rodriguez started selling hard-shell tacos at Mitla Cafe in San Bernardino, California (Credit: Ivana Larrosa)

In 1937, Salvador and Lucia Rodriguez started selling hard-shell tacos at Mitla Cafe in San Bernardino, California (Credit: Ivana Larrosa)

The tacos at Mitla Cafe were a hit. Even civil rights activist Cesar Chavez was a regular when he was in town.

Then in early 1948, an ambitious 25-year-old American man (whose family had moved to the area from Minnesota) opened a hamburger and hotdog stand across the road from Mitla Cafe. The eatery did modest business, but a new restaurant called McDonald's had opened up two miles away and seemed to be quickly cornering the burger market in the area. The young burger-stand entrepreneur often had nothing to do but stare across the street at Mitla Cafe. Specifically, he'd gawk at the perpetual line of regulars anxiously awaiting to savour the restaurant's tacos dorados, made-to-order hard-shell tacos.

And that's when the young man had a lightbulb moment: maybe he could capture the imagination of Americans with tacos the way McDonalds had with burgers. Soon enough he was ingratiating himself with the owners of Mitla Cafe. And not long after, he was in their kitchen learning how the ground beef was stuffed into a corn tortilla, deep fried and then loaded with cheese, tomatoes and lettuce.

At Mitla Cafe, ground beef is stuffed into corn tortillas, which are deep fried (Credit: Ivana Larrosa)

At Mitla Cafe, ground beef is stuffed into corn tortillas, which are deep fried (Credit: Ivana Larrosa)

He made a fry basket out of chicken wire and started trying to figure out how to mass-produce hard taco shells. And in November 1951, he added tacos to the menu of his hamburger spot. Soon, his (predominantly white) clientele began trying these "take-ohs", as non-Mexicans apparently first pronounced them, which, at 19 cents each, were a hit. A few years later, he opened a couple of new quick-service restaurants that offered only tacos. The taco stands went through different names – Taco Tia, El Taco – before he settled on an eponymous name for his taco eateries. The man's name was Glen Bell and Taco Bell had been born.

Today, there are more than 7,400 Taco Bell locations across 30 countries. And there is one Mitla Cafe, still quietly producing delicious hard-shell tacos the way it has for decades. The family of Salvador and Lucia Rodriguez, now in their third generation, are running the place as a community of regular patrons crunch, munch and sip their way through a largely unchanged menu of crispy tacos, gooey cheese enchiladas and potent margaritas.

Mitla Cafe has a place in the history of Mexican American cuisine as the first eatery to serve hard-shell tacos in the United States. And also for being the unlikely inspiration that launched a billion hard-shell tacos into corporate south-of-the-border flavoured fast food hegemony. For more than eight decades, Mitla Cafe has been anchored along Mt Vernon Boulevard, a swath of Route 66, which is like a lifetime for a restaurant. How and why Mitla has managed such longevity is miraculous.

Mitla Cafe serves a menu of crispy tacos, gooey cheese enchiladas and potent margaritas (Credit: Ivana Larrosa)

Mitla Cafe serves a menu of crispy tacos, gooey cheese enchiladas and potent margaritas (Credit: Ivana Larrosa)

Why it has largely been so unheralded outside of San Bernardino was a mystery to me. I decided to go to the source to find out its secret.

I swung open the door to Mitla Cafe around noon on a Tuesday. What felt like a ghost town outside was an improbable party inside. The high-ceilinged interior was near capacity with lunching locals. The tacos here are fried to order; when mine arrived, they were warm and crispy.

It probably ought to be displayed at the Smithsonian

The oddity at Mitla Cafe are the tacos themselves: hard-shell tacos have been so uncool for so long that most lovers of Mexican food consider them to be "non-authentic". And that's mostly because of Taco Bell, which made hard-shell tacos ubiquitous in the (mostly white) American suburbs. Dismiss the hard-shell taco at your own peril, though, as you'll be erasing an important era of Mexican American history. As the Los Angeles Times said, the taco at Mitla "feels like a tidy, crisp homage to Mid-century America. It probably ought to be displayed at the Smithsonian."

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A few minutes after my tacos arrived, Michael Montaño, grandson of Salvador and Lucia Rodriguez, came to sit at my table. He's been working here on and off since he was in high school. "If you're a family member and you come into Mitla to eat, you're going to end up bussing tables or something," he said. "So I grew up working here off and on. It's only been the last few years that I've played a more active role in the restaurant." He also makes his grandmother's secret salsa. "Only three of us know the recipe," he said. And, then added with a chuckle, "We don't travel together."

But, I wondered to Montaño, what are the secret ingredients to Mitla Cafe's longevity? "To see how special Mitla Cafe is, you really have to just be here," he said. "Look around, it feels like you're in a busy part of your house, the living room or the kitchen. If you come here enough, you'll start to see the regulars. We have people coming here for decades. These two gentlemen over here are brothers; their mom is one of our cooks. So, they've grown up here. We have a connection to the community, where there are two or three generations coming in together."

Montaño opened a manila folder and pulled out a menu. It was the earliest Mitla Cafe menu they still have – from the late 1940s, he speculated. Aside from the prices and a few nods to gringo eating habits, such as pancakes and burgers, not much has changed.

"It's important to recognise that Bell was a failed fast food entrepreneur before he had the realisation that the restaurant across the street from his flagging business was booming, the Mitla Cafe", said Steven Alvarez who teaches a course at St John's University in New York called Taco Literacy, which looks at Mexican immigration in New York City via Mexican fare. "What happened here is a white guy seeing opportunities to market Mexican food to a 'mainstream' audience for the love of profit, and not the love of Mexican people."

Mitla Cafe made the US' first hard-shell tacos – with ground beef, cheddar cheese, tomatoes and iceberg lettuce (Credit: Ivana Larrosa)

Mitla Cafe made the US' first hard-shell tacos – with ground beef, cheddar cheese, tomatoes and iceberg lettuce (Credit: Ivana Larrosa)

Mitla would have been just fine with or without the Taco Bell connection. It deserves to be lauded despite whatever Glen Bell may have "borrowed" (and then grossly profited) from them. That said, the connection was almost lost to history. At least until about a decade ago when writer Gustavo Arellano was reading a biography of Bell called Taco Titan, in which Bell recalls the story of his hamburger stand across from a popular taco-slinging Mexican restaurant in San Bernardino. Bell gave the intersection but not the name of the restaurant. "So just on a hunch, I drove out to San Bernardino," said Arellano.

"Once I got there, I saw the old hamburger place, which is now – ironically – a taco place," he said. "And then I was blown away that there was a Mexican restaurant across the street. I thought: no way is it that same restaurant that Glen Bell mentioned in his book. It can't still be here. Restaurants don't last that long."

Arellano approached an older woman who worked there, Irene Montaño, a daughter-in-law of Salvador and Lucia Rodriguez, the original family of owners, and asked: is this the restaurant where Glen Bell got his original idea for Taco Bell? "Oh yeah," she told Arellano. "I remember him, this white guy used to come in late at night, ask lots of questions about how we made tacos, and then leave."